High unemployment in the euro zone to a record high and falling inflation

The unemployment rate in the euro zone rose to a record high in October, where the number of unemployed increased by 173 thousand people is that consumer prices dropped dramatically in November, easing somewhat the suffering of the families during the recession.

He said the European statistics office said on Friday that the annual inflation rate in the euro zone fell to 2.2 percent in November from 2.5 per cent in October and was lower than expected by economists, which is 2.4 per cent

 

And caused months of stubborn inflation and unemployment in the standard of living more difficult for families heavily indebted struggling for three years under the public debt crisis has forced governments and companies to reduce the number of jobs significantly.

 

The preliminary estimates of the Office of European statistics show that energy prices recorded one of the lowest rates to rise during the year, which helped to make the consumer price inflation rate close to the level targeted by the European Central Bank which is slightly less than two per cent.

But economists and policy-making say the euro, which entered the second term of the recession since 2009, the region's economy may see a weak recovery in the next year, while unemployment will continue to rise levels.

 

He said European Central Bank President Mario Draghi on Friday, "has not yet come out of the crisis," noting that most of the recovery of the euro zone will definitely in the second half of 2013.

He said the European statistics office said the unemployment rate rose to 11.7 per cent in October from 11.6 percent in September and 9.9 per cent in October 2011, bringing the number of unemployed to nearly 19 million unemployed.

 

Portugal and trimmed, for example, the number of public sector employees more than employees of every 20 employees in the first nine months of 2012, while announced the various institutions of the automakers to financial groups lay off thousands of workers since September.

 The overall rate of unemployment is still hides wide disparities between the countries of the euro zone, which includes 17 countries, with an unemployment rate in Austria, 4.3

The European Union is expected to continue shrinking in the euro zone this year

The European Union warned Friday that the recession in the euro, which is witnessing a financial crisis will continue unabated until the end of the year, with a survival rate of unemployment at record highs despite the likelihood of the emergence of a recovery in 2014 indicators region.

The European Commission said that the gross domestic product in the region, which includes 17 countries and includes 340 million people and is a major competitor of the United States and Japan and the giant promising, would fall by 0.4 percent this year, more than the proportion of 3 percent, according to the February forecast after shrinking of 0.6 percent last year.

The unemployment rate will continue at record levels, according to Commission forecasts with a clear divergence between the euro zone countries to the richer north and those located in the south is experiencing a significant contraction.

In a repeat of the previous forecast, the UNHCR said that the proportion of the unemployed this year will reach a record high at 12 percent and 11 percent in the whole of the 27 EU states. These percentages diverge significantly in terms of 27 percent in Spain and 4.7 percent in Austria.

He said the European Commissioner for Economic Affairs Olli Rehn in a statement accompanying the latest economic forecasts of the Commission for the euro zone and the entire European Union, "in view of the long downturn, we should do what to overcome the unemployment crisis in Europe."

Rehn said at a press conference that the unemployment rate can not tolerate record levels in Spain and Greece.

For France, which barely avoided a contraction, the ratio would fall by 0.1 percent in 2013 with the advent of the impact of the decline of domestic demand, the main engine of the economy. According to expectations France will register a growth rate of 1.1 percent in 2014.

But France will not be able to meet the deficit ceiling of 3 percent of gross domestic product set by the European Union's commitment to, and will record a deficit by 3.9 percent this year and 4.2 percent next year.

For Spain, the suffering will continue from the crisis caused by the real estate bubble that burst lasted ten years, and will be recorded a decline of 1.5 percent in 2013 before he recorded a growth rate of 1.4 percent in 2014.

However, the government's financial figures remain bleak next year is expected to increase the government deficit of 6.5 percent in 2013 to 7.0 percent in 2014 with the end of the period of application of some measures.

It will be the impact of the crisis at its peak in Cyprus recently got a save from bankruptcy deal, which is expected to decline in gross domestic product by 8.7 percent this year in the wake of a harsh restructuring of the banking sector on the island and impose cuts on the accounts.

The downturn will continue in Cyprus in 2014 and beyond, according to the Commission, which predicted the economy shrank by a total of 15 percent between 2012 and 2015.

In a rare encouraging indicator Commission predicted a rebound in Greece by the year after six consecutive years of contraction. Greece will record a growth rate of 0.6 percent in 2014 after a major shrank by 4.2 percent this year.

 With the continued absence of signs of recovery, debate rages between euro zone countries about ways out of the crisis, which calls for the countries located in the south end to the austerity measures demanded by Germany and those located further north.

Economic problems sour celebrations of Croatia's accession to the European Club

Croatia prepares to join the European Union tomorrow to become the state's 28 Lists in it, but the celebrations planned for this occasion Dented by serious economic problems faced by this former Yugoslav republic, which gained independence in 1991.

He said of the Croat Tevertko Aakouwena "This date will be the date of the main stations in Croatia since its independence and accession to the European Union provided from the outset that the main objective of the country."

And it will be attended by more than one hundred European official, including President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy and European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, with the Croat leaders and thousands of citizens to the central square to celebrate this evening to enter Croatia to the bloc's 27 countries.

But it did not announce any international figure intention to attend the celebrations, which originally Aekrha absence of German Chancellor Angela Merkel is due to speculation launched by Croatian newspapers about this absence.

Despite denials from Berlin, Croatian newspapers say the absence of Merkel linked to reject Zagreb handing former head of intelligence Yugoslav chasing him a German court in the case of the killing of a Croatian dissident on German soil in 1983.

The event will take the main celebration on Sunday in the central square of the capital with the participation of about 700 Van.ormazia, would disarm at midnight regulations emblazoned with the word "customs" of the border post with Slovenia only other Yugoslav republic that joined the Union in 2004 since the disintegration of the former Union following a series from the wars in the nineties of the last century.

At the same time, plate reading "EU" will be placed on the border with Serbia and other former Yugoslav republic, which hopes to open negotiations soon to join the Union.

Fireworks will light up the sky of Zagreb but Croatia's accession to the European Union has its luster in the eyes of most of the country's population of 4.2 million people.

As between a poll that one out of every seven Croatians supported the organization of celebrations to join the Union, the Economic Auba.oualemahrat Croatian does not call for optimism, while the European Union is facing the same contraction in nine of the 27 member States and the crisis in the euro zone.

 The statistics office said that the Union's gross domestic product for Croatia with 39 percent less than the average in the Union. And only Romania and Bulgaria Tlaan Croatia in this regard.

The economy is shrinking since 2009 in this country where the unemployment rate is 21 percent.

One Internet users questioned the official page of the Croatian government on the social networking Facebook "What will be celebrating 300 thousand unemployed? Does the EU have a magic wand to remove all the problems?".

And it seems engineered Tahana Strimshki (48 years), one of the city of Sisak (center) optimistic.

 She says, "I am happy. We will be part of Europe and I hope that does not attack our country one after today," hinting that the war of independence fought by rebels Serbs backed by Belgrade between 1991 to 1995.

But in spite of the current crisis, of Aakouwena that "a united Europe remains the prosperity and peace, 

Japan 's major trading power

Japan 's major trading power

Professor Rashid Ahamaima

Skip problematic ..temtd Japan The archipelago of islands west of the Pacific Ocean, with an area of 372 313 km2, and home to more than 125 m / n, and despite its small area and the weakness of the potential offered by its nature that Japan has been able to build a major economic renaissance manifests itself in the vibrant commercial sector
What are the manifestations of the function of the superiority of the Japanese trade? What qualifications upon which this superiority? What problems and challenges facing Altjarhaliapanah?

  I - aspects of the commercial strength of Japan and their characteristics.
+ Japan is the fourth trading power in the world in terms of the value of imports and exports. It is the function of this force manifestations note the following:
- The growing proportion of the labor force engaged in the trade and services sector , where the year 1996 amounted to about 62% of the total active population , Japan.
- The contribution of trade increased by 68.15% in the gross domestic product to Japan.
- The dominance of manufactured goods on the Japanese trade structure especially heavy industry products 88% , followed by the processing industry products 8.5%, while imports of raw materials are formed (energy and metals) and agricultural and food, so the trade balance recorded a surplus in its favor
- Cover the currents of trade for Japan to various parts of the world, but developed countries such as the United States and the countries of the European Union, China , South Korea and the ASEAN group is the main customer for Japan, in addition to the Arab Gulf countries , which Tattabralamsud primary energy to Japan.

Thus , Japan has achieved integration into the global trading system, the thing that they can discharge their industrial production and access to raw materials and food to its population.
 
- Japan is one of the few developed countries that achieve a surplus in its trade balance, thanks to the high value - added exports versus imports mainly from the weak value - added materials composed. (Mean additional value created during a certain stage of production)

II - explanatory factors for the strength of foreign trade to Japan:

1.      The role of the sea and infrastructure:

Japan , an archipelago of islands stretching east Asia is bounded on the east Pacific and West Sea of Japan, The position of Japan , if a strategic given that the Japanese fell into what is termed the peoples of the sea, in addition to the geographical proximity of the giants of the Asian economy (China, Taiwan, South Korea, ASEAN .. .) on the other hand is a Japanese ports are among the largest ports in the world , such as the port of Yokohama and Kobe ... and cut off the Japanese coast to a group of bays helped to ease the construction of these ports , which are considered front opening of Japan to the outside world , as Japan is one of the countries most progress in expanding the sea account through the construction of ports and shelves.

2.     Role of the state and Japanese companies:

  ·         Dorath:

Reflected in the guiding role of the Ministry of Industry and Foreign Trade + encourage the government to foreign investments especially American ones + encourage the state of so - called social peace between workers and employers + Japanese government take advantage of its membership within the most industrialized countries in the world (Group 7. G7).

·         The role of the Japanese partnerships:

The Japanese trading companies , known as "Sokosucha" a positive role in foreign trade in Japan, they serve as an intelligence system helps to promote Japanese products abroad, looking for markets, regulates the supply of the country Mountojat, financed by small businesses ... On the other hand notes that companies Japanese Industrial constantly adapting to the needs of the international market , especially in the field of high technology industry.

Japan's economy back into recession

Japan 's economy returned to contraction phase, after the quarterly gross domestic product recorded a fall, is the second consecutive year , and amounted to 0.2%, according to preliminary government estimates released by the government Monday.

 Government estimates showed that the gross domestic product of the country's record in the third quarter of the year, the proportion of the same decline that was recorded in the second quarter, 0.2%, to enter the third largest economy in the world recession, after quite a year of similar stage witnessed Japan in the midst of painful to the action taken by the government, then increase the value added tax ratio.

 Poses this negative development setback for Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said second economic contraction seen in the country came to power three years ago, and adopted at the end of 2012 an ambitious strategy for economic advancement, dubbed "Abinomaks" wipes, especially softened monetary policy and structural reforms. And the percentage change came in the third quarter was higher than they expected in the experts report by Bloomberg News economic,
since they were expecting a decline in growth in the third quarter by 0.1% compared with the second quarter. She said government figures show that household consumption, which accounts for 60% of gross domestic per- improved slightly by 0.5% after it was dropped in the second quarter by 0.6%. But experts expect widely to return the country to growth stage soon, thanks to the economic stimulus measures intended to Abe applied. - See more at:

Moscow is moving to ease sanctions on Turkish companies after the damage the Russian economy

The Russian government published a draft decision on its website on Friday, exempts some Turkish companies, from economic sanctions.

It includes resolution, lifting sanctions on companies, especially the export of fruit and vegetable companies, as well as determine the rules that enable Turkish companies in certain sectors to continue its business activities in Russia.

The Russian government made the decision due to the high rates of inflation for imported from Turkey for goods, so do not fall Turkish companies, and companies run by Turks in Russia, or Turkish products in question are included in the resolution, the sanctions imposed by the Russian government on Turkish companies and their owners.

In the case of the entry into force of the resolution, the Russian government will be able to show flexibility to ban the entry of some Turkish products that are difficult to be dispensed with in economic terms.

According to the throughput of the newspaper "Kommersant" Russian, the Russian officials, fearing the exposure of some construction projects, supervised by the Turkish companies, in the framework of preparations for FIFA World Cup to be hosted by Russia in 2018, to paralysis.

The newspaper quoted a statement by a Russian official (unnamed), she said he would not allow the Turkish construction companies are constantly activities in Russia, unless they have a Russian partner, and by the shares not exceeding 25%.

Relations between Moscow and Ankara diplomatic crisis, in November / November last, against the backdrop of the recent drop fighter Russian violated Turkish airspace, where he announced the presidency of the Russian General Staff, cut military ties with Ankara, as well as restrictions on some Turkish goods exported to Russia, as Moscow took the initiative to impose economic sanctions on Ankara.

The Turkish fighter aircraft of the type "F-16", shot down a Russian warplane "Sukhoi -24", in November last year, the recent violation of Turkish airspace at the border with Syria Htaa state south of the country, and not to respond to the warnings, and was handled in accordance with the rules of customary international engagement.

633 billion for the 2013 budget of US Department of Defense

The US Senate on Friday approved budget of the Ministry of Defence for 2013 worth $ 633 billion, a figure that is relatively close to that proposed by President Barack Obama. The year 2013 and the budget is the budget for fiscal year ongoing (started in the first of October), was approved by a majority of 81 votes to 14, the Senate approved the budget by the day after the approval in the House, which means it awaits the President's signature them to become effective.

 In addition to the usual cover expenses of the army, the budget provided for the tightening of economic sanctions on Iran, and the allocation of more funds to finance the war in Afghanistan, more American troops and published in several regions of the world. The White House has threatened last month to veto " veto" against the draft budget of the Pentagon's Law, because it contained clauses restricting freedom of the president in making some decisions , such as action that would prevent another year the US government to transfer prisoners from Guantanamo to the outside, which means practically prevent the launching of released or deported or extradited to their country .

 Monitors project budget allocations funding bill to send additional US troops to US embassies and diplomatic missions around the world to protect them, and in response to the attack on September 11 last US Consulate in Benghazi that killed four Americans, one of them employees ambassador. The adoption of both houses of Congress the budget bill this rare collaboration between the two parties, the Republican-controlled Senate, and the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives, as taking place weeks difficult negotiations between the two parties since the adoption of ten-year plan to reduce the public deficit of the country,
 but the time passed without reaching common ground between them, no longer in front of them, but less than 10 days to spare the country fall into the "fiscal cliff" early next year. And the " fiscal cliff ," the term means go into effect automatically beginning in January 2013 proceedings if Congress did not reach the White House prior to this date an agreement in this regard , and includes automatic actions raising taxes and cutting public spending , threatening the sinking of the first economy in the world in recession again .

Why worry Chinese world economy?

Stock indexes rose on the Shanghai Stock Exchange as soon as China is currently the GDP growth rate for the second largest economy in the world for 2015 , after two or more weeks of turmoil in the Chinese market and the Asian and global markets .

 As investors bought the stock , not because the growth rate at 6.9 percent, a good rate , but because slower growth indicates that the government may go back to pumping stimulus money in the market. Although the Chinese economy growth rate is not bad, compared with the growth rates in the rest of the major economies in the world between 2 and 3 percent, but it looks a lot less than half the growth rate of more than 14 percent in 2007. The secret global concern of a slowdown in the Chinese economy, the reasons have to do with China and the other related to the global economy. As a Chinese, a start skeptical world very much in China's official figures. A semi economists and analysts believe that the government "is working on the numbers," Vtqll growth rates in the boiling and improve situations in case of retreat.

According to many estimates based many criteria (from the sale of auto loan rates to invest), the Chinese economy has not increased its growth from 5 percent, while the numbers that preceded the 2008 financial crisis may have been in fact larger than announced. But more worrying is actually in the details of Chinese GDP components , as the industry fall sharply amid a productive saturation in the market and reduced demand for exports. If the service sector grew in 2015 just over 11 percent ,
the manufacturing sector grew by only 1 percent . Moreover, the ratio of total debt in China has risen from 15 percent of GDP before the financial crisis in 2008 to about 250 percent of GDP now. In the recent exit of capital from China it increased rates, as its banking sector is suffering from increasing bad debts and experiencing business bankruptcies in increasing numbers. In addition to the Chinese factors autobiography, there are global problems of the economy as a whole, the most important, since the previous crisis,

which did not solve any of the structural problems in the global economic system, and solutions "prosthetic" of the crisis depends on the growth of emerging economies (such as a group BRICS) countries under the leadership of the Chinese economy to eject the economy the global recession.

The global economy .. serious crisis or setback fleeting ?

It ended about 3 thousands of top bankers and business leaders in the world to their meetings in the Swiss resort of Davos in the global annual meeting of the World Economic Forum to issue them without any clear indication about the global economy and exposed the problems.

 Although currently president of the International Monetary Fund, Christine Lagarde , at the Forum on its forecast global economic growth of more than 3 percent this year , the Fund Forum which was chaired days already reduced its forecast for global economic growth to less than 3 percent. Failed optimism language in the coverage of the concern of the meeting of the global economy as a whole situation
, and the question was ongoing (although not transmitted by the media ) is: Is the world economy on the verge of a major crisis or is it a setback could be wiped out .

 We published here on our site in the past few days a series of reports in figures and facts about the negative factors in the global economy, commodity prices and stock to Batalhwaldion .
 At the heart of all those factors justified concerns of the Chinese economy as the global economy, which was considered crane out of the previous crisis in 2008. And a summary of what it deems a reasonable number of prominent economists in the world, including a Nobel laureate in economics Joseph Stiglitz, the fundamentals of the global economy in a state of continual deterioration since the previous financial crisis. As many people warned a time of crisis about eight years ago, the method of intervention by governments and central banks to rescue financial institutions and large companies by buying their debts dead printing of money pumped into the system and did not address the structural imbalances that led to the crisis. These have been exacerbated imbalances since then ,

 so any crisis facing the global economy is now not goi
ng to find a quick or easy solutions . Even optimistic growth in the US economy may not be in a totally misplaced as the savior of the global economy .

 Some economists believe that the lifting of the Federal Reserve ( central bank ) US interest rate last month, with interest rates continuing at almost zero in Europe and most of the world does not only withdraw funds from emerging economies towards America and the dollar.

Brokers and how to trade on the stock exchange

First, brokerages:

If you have decided to invest in the securities of yourself and you have the ability and the desire to take your decisions and follow up on your interactions on your own, then you will do business on the stock exchange through the brokerage firm you implement investment orders. You will then pick one of the brokerage firms licensed by the General Authority for Financial Supervision. We advise you Dear Investor to move away from dealing with brokerage firms that:

• It does not have workers who are qualified scientifically and technically.
• Do not rely on technical and financial studies before you give advice beacon to you and offers you the views are based on rumors and directions are incorrect.
• Do not follow the care of a man who is keen to warn you when the appetite for making any investment decision
• Do not fit your investment objectives.
• Ask you to behave contrary to the legislation governing the capital market, including, for example, the signing of the orders to buy or sell securities in blank, or to offer you a credit for the implementation of your operations while it is not licensed to practice margin trading activity.
• Resorting to pressure you to carry out operations do not bring any benefit only get commissions and expenses from you.

All this avoids exposure to improper practices by some employees of brokerage firms may lead to the loss of your time and your money and your investments.

Second, corporate portfolio management:

If you have a large amount of money they want to invest the stock market and you do not have the knowledge or expertise to make investment decisions that achieve you goals, or do not have enough time to pursue your investment, you have to choose one of the companies working in the field of management of securities portfolios licensed to engage in this activity of the General Authority for financial supervision.

These companies are characterized by that it has employees who are their scientific competence and practical experience and good knowledge of securities market, enabling them to manage your investments on your behalf.

And remember well:

• Choose the management company of securities portfolios decision is your decision.
• Follow your investments and your duty, regardless of the method of investment (brokerage-management company Mhafez- or bank "investment fund").
• The exchange transactions accept the profit or loss regardless of the financial broker qualified professional to invest your money.

Third: Investment Funds

If you are a small investor, and you do not have knowledgeable about investing in the stock market and its nature, the most suitable investment vehicle suits are resorting to buy the investment funds. Most of these investment funds established by banks, after obtaining the approval of the General Authority for Financial Supervision and pledged to manage it to one specializing in the field of winning investment fund management companies a license from the General Authority for Financial Supervision.

The most important features and advantages of investing in mutual funds that you invest in a large number of stocks and bonds to earn you diversify your investments and minimize risk.

	Start to get a uniform code for dealing in the stock market: Each investor in the Egyptian stock market when investing his money begins to shares or bonds through a brokerage firm or management company governor of securities is required to have a uniform code on the stock exchange and other than the account number so the company itself has. And are all dealings through this code, even if dealing with more than one brokerage firm.
It can be summarized steps you have a unified code Stock Exchange as follows: The coding through a brokerage company that decided to deal in the stock market from which There are a number of documents required to complete the coding process: Personal (national passport) for adults over 18 years Birth certificate for less than 18 years Order coding frees through a brokerage firm and sent to the Department of coding the stock exchange and accompanied by the documents referred to. Submit the application on your own or through your agent under a special power of attorney to deal in securities or general power of attorney covers all actions in addition to dealing in securities If you've reached (21) years, please Apply on your own or through your agent, but if you are under 21 years of any minor, the application shall be submitted through your father (guardian you) In the absence of the father offers by the grandfather of the father (and not the mother) or guardian whatever it relates to you. If the person is unconscious of eligibility, the application shall be submitted by based on his work under the rule of the competent court. But if the person is serving a criminal sentence in prison, the request is submitted by based on his work under the court's ruling. The coding Executions give the code number of the brokerage firm and the client must have registered so he can deal in securities with any other brokerage firm wants   Open an account with a brokerage company There are a number of steps required to open an account with a brokerage company that has decided to deal in the stock market which: If you invest in the stock market for the first time, you'll need a unified code by following the steps listed above. But if you've ever been to get this code and deal through another brokerage firm, the you pull this code from this company to a new brokerage firm. Then open the fulfillment of contract deal in the securities brokerage account agreement. And make sure that the company used boilerplate contract to open an account contained in one supplements the executive regulations of the Capital Market Law No. 95 of 1992. You should read the terms of the contract and understand it well so you know very well what are your rights and obligations, and then his signature and get a copy of it to keep. You also hold open an account with a custodian who met are dealing with a brokerage company or you choose. Often you can meet this form through a brokerage company that sends the company after the signing to the custodian. Deposit the amount you want to issue orders to buy its value then issued an order to buy afterwards. Now you can export your orders for the company to purchase or sell securities, which want to invest in them. Always remember that the account balances and transactions, a decline in securities purchased and sold through the brokerage firm once a month at least through the balance of the request revealed custodian to verify that the brokerage company implements your operations requested by the Committee. Learn exchange-traded financial instruments: - The Egyptian stock market in a number of trading financial instruments, including stocks and government bonds and corporate bonds. This is unlike documents of investment funds as you can from one of the banks that set up an investment fund. And you have to understand very well the characteristics of each of these financial instruments and the risks of investing in nature and before you choose one of them to invest in. Learn trading procedures Dear investor, you do not know that trading procedures may make you fall in many investment errors. Do not hesitate to ask your broker for trading procedures Now , let 's review with you the trading action in the stock market: Edit the Securities buy something you want to buy through a model which offers you through a brokerage firm. You have to determine the quantity you want to buy within the limits of the amount of money given to you at the date of purchase, which you have to file it with the brokerage company under the deposit receipt of cash or cash receipt is received from the brokerage company Remember to get a picture of it and a copy of the delivery of the cash deposit of the company. Ask your company's purchase invoice if the implementation of purchase of shares. As in the case of a sale, issue a sell order quantity you wish to sell securities already purchased or subscribed and you have to determine the sale price to perform the operation or to choose their implementation at the market price. If the execution of the sale, ask the company's bill of sale and disclosed financial account and remember you are you right in the exchange value of the securities sold request after the settlement, which take place after two days of sales (based on T + 2). You retain all sales and purchases with Your account detect and comparing operations mentioned in the disclosure orders of buy and sell orders and that before signing it in favor of the broker so that you confirm transactions executed on your profile should be.

 

Chinese economic growth is slowing down ... What to do?

Introduction: The reality of developing countries demonstrates beyond any doubt that they need economic growth leads them out of the dire situation that prevailed, namely economic growth, increase national output with the possibility of an increase in per capita income and thereby improve the social status of individuals. In the context of talking about developing countries, it is what we talk about economic growth, we find ourselves going to talk about economic development to the fact that economic growth in the significance aimed at the state and reached an economic position to continue automatically guide the appropriate amount of surplus towards economic growth. As developing countries, they suffer structural imbalances need to be addressed even promoted later to the economic growth phase as a result of the existence of obstacles and Kwabj hinder Sir Hassan production processes in developing countries, hence the note close link between the concepts of growth and economic development and in order to understand the meaning of economic growth must to address the concept of economic development and the extent of the overlap between the two concepts winning. As we will discuss in this chapter to the scales and rates of "economic development" Growth was also limping on growth theories in economic thought and develop the concept of economic growth through the stages of economic thought. Section I: 1-some concepts related to growth1-1-concept of economic backwardness: economic backwardness usually appears after a long period of growth and is characterized by low volume of economic activity, any lack of national output, it can also be retardation facilities for economic development if the decrease in the national income rate less than the rate of population decline. It can be judged on a country that lags behind by some of the characteristics, namely:-Low Average real per capita income.-_khasais Production elements.-_khasais Economic activity In underdeveloped countries the per capita income is in addition to the weak real ITSAM production depending on unskilled hand, as well as the concentration of economic activity in agriculture and the sale of raw materials.As can be likened to a machine all the developed countries where individuals are performing their jobs in a consistent allow walk-Hasan for this machine. The underdeveloped countries, the functions of its members as a result of being separate untapped countries or sectors of its economy independent of each other.

Chinese economic growth is slowing down ... is it correct ?

Do not call data from China to the optimism, the Chinese economy is the slowest pace of growth has scored in almost three years, and although the growth rate of 7.6% (in the second half of this year) is a very healthy global standards due to the experienced Western economies of deterioration and stagnation, but it is without doubt a low Chinese standards, which in turn cause for additional concern of the state of the global economy, but the reasons for this slowdown and how to confront it?
In fact, that this slowdown is not surprising if we consider the extent of the Chinese economy's dependence on external demand and, therefore, expected that China affected by lower demand in overseas markets, particularly from the United States and Europe, the biggest consumers of Chinese exports, in addition to slowing growth investment, especially in real estate and related sectors.
 
Many of the slowdown attributed to patrol factors (Cyclical Factors) linked to global economic developments and their reflection on the inside, and called to take stimulus measures and increased government spending, and indeed, the government has taken a series of measures to stimulate economic growth, including reducing the interest rate and the size of the required reserves of banks, but the problem, in the view beyond cyclical factors to structural factors goes on the economic model itself.
 
There is no doubt that the cyclical factors bear the brunt of China's slowdown, but in light of the current model, and after three decades of Alnmno close to 10 it is very difficult that the economy maintains this pace, even without a global crisis, and what did the crisis in the fact that it showed the need the face of structural factors are salt and fast along with the financial and economic factors emerging policies of supporting the government of urbanization and industrialization is no longer sufficient to achieve growth rates higher than the 8% for a decade as had been thought, even if the government has taken further stimulus measures and increased public spending.
 
If we compare the reasons for the current slowdown to those that were behind the slowdown that hit the Chinese economy during the crisis of 2008-2009, we find that the structural factors has deepened and become more acute than it was three years ago, and is likely to continue to track this over time.
It is true that stimulus measures from the expansionary fiscal and monetary policies that will support economic growth in the short term, but China will not protect against the fluctuations of global tremors, and will not constitute an engine for growth in the long term, and, therefore, China's success to achieve sustainable growth in the long term depends on face the core of the Chinese economic model dimming on external demand and public investment imbalances, and through the adoption of a substantial economic and financial reforms.
 
These reforms include the existing tax system, which overwhelms families and businesses, and allow private investment sector in sectors controlled by states to increase their productivity and effectiveness, and to expand the social safety net to include all counties (cities and the countryside), which allows citizens to free up some of their savings in banks and thus increase spending private, freeing up the labor market to give up what is known through the system flowing families who Asnev workforce between rural and urban, along with of course the development of financial markets and to rely more on the bond market on direct bank loans account.
 
To achieve a sustainable and stable growth is today considered the most prominent challenges for China and most urgent, and does not face this challenge in the long
Term stimulus measures progress and an increase in public spending, while necessary at the moment, but the development of the economic model towards strengthening domestic demand on the external account and support private investment on government account.

Countries with the highest debt in the world

The deployment site, "a Rachest" report Top countries include debt around the world, through the measurement of the global debt as a percentage of GDP to gain access to countries with unsustainable debt levels.
 

1. Japan:

Total debt ratio to GDP 226% in 2013, one of the highest in the world, where suffering since the early nineties recession going on but it went recently to follow the quantitative easing policy to resolve the debt problem, leading to lower its currency 18% in 2013 .
 

2. Zimbabwe:

An underdeveloped country to repay debt owed to the International Monetary Fund for more than 15 years, reaching the government debt ratio to GDP 202%, and the state began experiencing a sharp rise in prices since its support in 2000 for a program involving grab land ownership of the major shareholders of eggs and delivered to small-scale farmers from blacks.
 

3. Greece:
 

Greek economy falls under the weight of debt repayment billion each from the European Union and the Central Bank of the European as well as other financial institutions, has pushed economic decline by more than 25% over the past seven years to attain the debt ratio of 169% of GDP in 2012.
 

4. Lebanon:
 

The economic growth slowdown in the worsening debt crisis in recent years, in March / March 2014 the debt ratio amounted to 163% of economic output, and contributed to the increasing crisis the outbreak of civil war in its neighbor "Syria."
 

5. Saint Kitts and Nevis:
 

Although the total debt of more than one billion dollars only, but they represent a large percentage of the GDP, which amounted to 200% in 2012, and there are a number of factors that contributed to the rapid increase of the debt, including the reconstruction costs after several severe storms.
 

6. Antigua and Barbuda:
 

State of the sea "of the Caribbean" has reached its debt ratio to GDP is about 130% in 2010, but this ratio started to decline until it reached 89% in 2014, and the country depends heavily on tourists from the United States, Canada and Europe, and then they suffered badly due to the economic crisis in 2008
 

7. Italy:
 

Exacerbated by the debt crisis in Italy with the economic crisis in 2008, the total debt ratio stood at 130 percent of economic output, and because most of these local debt, there are fears of a banking crisis again if the country is no longer able to meet their obligations.
 

8. Portugal:
 

The second states that saw the rescue from the European Union and International Monetary Fund plan after the worsening of its financial sector, amounted to debt ratio of 129% of economic output in 2013, and went out, "Portugal" of the rescue program in the summer of 2014, making it unable to borrow from international markets.
 

9. Jamaica:
 

Suffer debt problem long ago, where they rely on borrowing to import essential goods, whose prices have risen sharply since the early eighties, and the debt ratio reached 127.3% of GDP in 2012
.

10. Iceland:
' 

I went bankrupt three of the country's major banks during the financial crisis in 2008, and so was forced to borrow more than two billion dollars from the International Monetary Fund to avoid bankruptcy, and the ratio of total debt to 118.9% of GDP in 2012.

IMF: America's largest economy in the world .. and Japan's top countries in terms of debt

The International Monetary Fund for the best performing economies in the world in 2013, as the Fund ranks countries at least according to the way a single standard, to submit the worst performing economies in the world in 2013.
 

And it included a list of the best performing economies in the world in 2013, Brunei, which is classified as a least indebtedness, based on government debt ratios.

Came Equatorial Guinea with the largest proportion of the total investment, the report considered that South Sudan's fastest-growing, based on the criterion of GDP growth rate.

And replaced the United States, first as the largest economy in the world, based on the standard size of the overall economy, and considered the report the largest economic bloc in the world, where it is expected to grow GDP to $ 16.7 trillion by the end of 2013, which is almost double the second-largest economy size -chin- in the world, which is estimated at 8.94 trillion dollars.
 

And it came to Luxembourg as the highest per capita GDP as a benchmark, and presented the report of the International Monetary Fund, the worst performing economies in the world in 2013, in order, where the report was based on the same criteria that have been choosing the best economies in the world and came those standards by the Fund used between the economic growth rate unemployment, per capita gross domestic product, inflation, and the ratio of public debt to output.

The report stated that the escalating in the Central African Republic Civil War caused the selected worst performing economies in the world in 2013.
 

Came Iran as the highest of the world inflation at all, based on the criterion of per capita gross domestic product per capita in Malawi came as less income per capita in the world, and Macedonia came Based on the standard rate of unemployment at the top of unemployment arranging for the second year in a row, and at the DIN standard the government of Japan came as the top countries in terms of debt.

The definition of the economy

The economy is a study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services - and the economy.

 Economists attempt to understand the economy and the manner in which to respond to the various effects, such as changes in the rates of federalism. The economy is a social science. Started the modern economy in 1776, and this was the first comprehensive defense of the free market,
and continues to be the effective work for today. The Central Bank of the work of the concept of the "invisible hand",
and the idea that the market, while appear chaotic, is guided in fact for the production of an appropriate quantity and variety of goods and services. If there is sufficient goods, there will be economic incentive to produce more; if there was a surplus of goods, there will be an economic incentive for the production of types of less than or different from the goods. The work was an influential Smith even experimental schools former abandoned economy after its publication. The economy is the area which can be divided into a variety of various schools, and divisions, and analysis methods

Britain. Fears because of the possibilities of departing from the European Union

Started economic fears across Britain with the increasing probabilities that Britain decide before the end of the current year out of the European Union, after the government identified in London as the date for the holding of a popular referendum to remain in the union or get out of it, amid sharp disagreements inside the ruling party on the matter. He joined one of the most prominent leaders of the conservatives and the most influential in the British street Boris Johnson, who occupies the position of the Mayor of London, to the list of supporters for Britain from the European Union, in contrast to the position of Prime Minister David Cameron who Warns Britons Against a decision to leave indicates that leaving the EU will negatively affect the local economy in the United Kingdom. The fear spread in Britain, Monday, after it was decided to hold the referendum in June of the current year, where the Hui, the exchange rate of the pound sterling during trading yesterday morning, Monday, while officials warned against the companies

Warnings of a sharp rise in oil prices in 2021

It did not respond to OPEC to cut production to raise prices yet The International Energy Agency
consumers do not feel safe because of the sharp decline in oil prices, which go back up sharply by 2021.

 it warned. The agency said in its latest report, it expects the recovery in oil prices in 2017. She pointed to other forecasts indicate that the recovery will be followed by a sharp rise as a result of decreasing the supply of oil producers due to declining investments in this sector who are suffering from falling prices at the moment. The price of Brent crude was its lowest in 13 years at $ 28.88 a barrel last January.

 The price of crude has recovered somewhat, but it is still very much lower than the June 2014 levels, when prices touched 115.00 dollars a barrel. Brent prices rose by 4.9 percent on Monday to $ 34.62 a barrel. Executive Director of the International Energy Agency's Fatih Birol said that "it is easy for consumers to be fooled by the large inventory is currently low prices, but we should be writing on the wall: the historical decline of investments that we see now raises a lot of exclamation marks about surprises that could see the oil security level and that in the not too distant future.

" Enormous stocks He predicted consultants to the International Energy Agency to reach the supply of oil in the world markets 4.1 million barrels per day in the period from 2015 and 2021, which indicates a decline compared to the world about supply, which rose to 11 million barrels per day in the period from 2009 to 2015 .

The ranking of economically

Always find the policy coupled with the economy and of the pillars of the main force that was not the strongest is the economy, and strength of the economy means the abundance of money, and money can do anything and everything and anything, the state and the State which feature a strong economy, not necessarily the citizen of the forces.

 strong army, strong position between States, rich state if the wise leadership and the Government of the rational sound strategy, it will bring all the aspects of life to the Summit.

the Sino-vietnam health, infrastructure will evolve in the area of scientific research will cut the great strides forward, and will be its citizen just psychologically and physically fit, spiritually, only unhelpful that belongs to defend the net conscience and the heart of Sadek, the following list shows the countries economically, according to what was mentioned by the The International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2011 and is based on the gross domestic product (GDP) each

4 reasons for the rapid decline in oil prices

1- Iran's return to the export of oil: After the signing of the nuclear deal between Iran and "5 +1", composed of the United States, Russia, China, France, Britain and Germany, in January, was raised a large portion of imposed on Iran international sanctions, and thus will be able to this country from access to international oil markets more easily, and is expected to trade in its neighbor, Iraq's oil production.

 According to OPEC statistics, Iran's crude oil production of around three million barrels per day, while expecting the International Energy Agency that production increases by three hundred thousand barrels per day, with the end of this year. This increase in the amount of oil available globally will have an impact on prices as well.2 Fear of China: Strange it seems that investors are talking about the economic crisis in China when looking at the rates of growth in GDP of 6 % ​​, but observers fear that the official figures hide the darker of the Chinese economy image ; The collapse of China's capital market in the beginning of the world was a warning sign in around the world that the Chinese economic miracle may come to an end .

 In the past ten years , Chinese oil consumption from seven million to 11 million barrels per day has risen ;
and therefore it is no wonder that China's economic crisis indicators may affect global oil prices. 2- Increase Iraq's production : The world did not pay attention to Iraq last year was the second country in the world , which has seen an increase in oil production ; In spite of the conflicts taking place in this country was able to increase its production of crude oil from 3.3 to 4.3 million barrels per day. This estimated increase of one million barrels equivalent to the entire production of Algeria , the third largest oil producer in Africa. At the moment,

 Iraq is producing more oil than it produced before the US invasion in 2003. Most of Iraq's oil comes from the Kurdish autonomous regions in the north, and the relative safety . 3- Aft Ocean in Brazil : Brazil also states that increased its oil production over the past few years ; Between 2013 and 2015 the Brazilian production rose from 2.6 to three million barrels per day. According to OPEC statistics ,

it has been drilled 72 new wells for oil in Brazil over the past year , compared to B87 wells in 2014 . Brazil has also strengthened its position in the world leader in the extraction of oil from deep-sea technology , after the discovery of large quantities of oil at depths ranging between four and eight kilometers between the layers of rock and salt

US interests in the Arab countries

Interests definition differs from the perspective of the United States, including in the Arab world, where we can say that the Arab world is an independent political unit, or at least a unit with a single foreign policy can talk about it as an independent unit, as is the case for the United States, which showed the historical experiences at least in the contracts that began since the cold war after World war II until now as fixed, since foreign policy is no different in the era of any US president from the other,

 especially with regard to the Arab world, though some methods vary from time to time and this reflects the continuation of the US approach the definition of the national interest to them, regardless of the individual found in the White House.But with regard to Arab interests are divided by these countries classified from the perspective of the United States which will be discussed later in this study, but it remains the main thing in the absence of democracy and the peaceful transfer of power in most Arab countries,

 that the first and last for the Arab States of the relations with the United States interest or with others is to maintain the status object, in other words, continuity in the government without regard to any other interests. So the American interests are the interests of the national high while Arab interests are in total in individual interests associated with the prevailing governance systems.And talk about the concept of Arab-American relations is a contradiction in a series of concepts within Arab culture prevailing in the bilateral relations, it must represent both sides, at least until we call it a relationship, how can we judge the state like the United States do what you want, and the Arab states respond either coercion or force,

 that such a relationship is called an international relationship with the concept of international relations based on the idyllic image that respects the parties to the relationship.